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1. Temperature

Nature: Thermophilic, cold-resistant (called "winter mushroom").

Spore: Mass formation at 15-25°C; germination at 16°C (optimum 24°C); no germination above 30°C.

Mycelium: Grows at 3-34°C (optimum 23-25°C); stops growing above 34°C; survives 18 days at -21°C.

Fruiting body: Grows at 5-20°C (optimum 8-15°C); cap turns maltose color below 3°C, brown when frozen; extremely low temp causes deformed mushrooms (two caps joined).

2. Humidity

Mycelial growth stage: Compost moisture 60%-65%; relative humidity 60%-65%.

Fruiting body growth stage: Relative humidity 80%-90% (promotes rapid growth, dense clusters); <80% delays/prevents fruiting; >90% raises disease risk.

Key note: Water for fruiting body growth/differentiation must be clean and at proper temp.

3. Light

Mycelial growth stage: Needs darkness; strong light inhibits growth.

Fruiting body stage: 50-100 lx diffuse light (lightens cap/stipe color, reduces base hairs, boosts yield); excessive light worsens color, scatters clusters.

Special trait: Insensitive to red/yellow light; red light recommended as working light (ensures commercial value); fruiting bodies need distinct phototropism.4. Air

Nature: Aerobic; needs sufficient oxygen for growth.

Ventilation: Essential for mycelium (fresh air) and fruiting body growth; poor ventilation + high humidity raises disease risk.

CO₂ control: Determines cap size/stipe length; 0.1%-0.2% CO₂ inhibits cap growth, elongates stipes (high-quality small-cap long-stipe mushrooms); max concentration ≤0.5%.

5. pH

General need: Slightly acidic environment.

Mycelium: Grows at pH 4-8 (optimum 6.0-6.5).

Fruiting body: Primordia differentiation + development best at pH 5.0-6.0.